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Was Was Booz Made Legal Again

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Outlawing of the consumption, auction, product etc. of alcohol

Prohibition is the act or practice of forbidding something past police force; more particularly the term refers to the banning of the manufacture, storage (whether in barrels or in bottles), transportation, sale, possession, and consumption of alcoholic beverages. The word is too used to refer to a menstruation of time during which such bans are enforced.

History [edit]

The Drunkard'south Progress: A lithograph past Nathaniel Currier supporting the temperance movement, Jan 1846

Some kind of limitation on the trade in booze can exist seen in the Lawmaking of Hammurabi (c. 1772 BCE) specifically banning the selling of beer for money. It could only be bartered for barley: "If a beer seller practise not receive barley as the price for beer, but if she receive money or make the beer a mensurate smaller than the barley measure received, they shall throw her into the water."[1]

In the early twentieth century, much of the impetus for the prohibition motility in the Nordic countries[ citation needed ] and North America came from moralistic convictions of pietistic Protestants.[two] Prohibition movements in the West coincided with the advent of women'southward suffrage, with newly empowered women as part of the political process strongly supporting policies that curbed booze consumption.[3] [four]

The commencement half of the 20th century saw periods of prohibition of alcoholic beverages in several countries:

  • 1918 to 1920: Prohibition in Canada nationally, every bit well as in most provinces including:
    • 1901 to 1948 in Prince Edward Island[5]
    • 1919 to 1919 in Quebec
  • 1907 to 1992 in the Faroe Islands; limited private imports from Denmark were allowed from 1928
  • 1914 to 1925: Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Wedlock[half-dozen]
  • 1915 to 1935: Prohibition in Republic of iceland (wine legal from 1922, but beer still prohibited until 1989)[7]
  • 1916 to 1927 in Kingdom of norway (fortified vino and beer were also prohibited from 1917 to 1923)[ clarification needed ]
  • 1919 in the Hungarian Soviet Republic, March 21 to Baronial i; called szesztilalom
  • 1919 to 1932 in Finland (called kieltolaki, "ban law")
  • 1920 to 1933: Prohibition in the United states of america

Subsequently several years, prohibition failed in North America and elsewhere. Rum-running or bootlegging became widespread, and organized crime took control of the distribution of booze. Distilleries and breweries in Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean flourished as their products were either consumed past visiting Americans or illegally exported to the United States. Detroit and Chicago became notorious as havens for prohibition dodgers during the fourth dimension known as the Roaring Twenties - 75% of all booze smuggled into the U.s.a. crossed the Detroit-Windsor edge.[8] Prohibition generally came to an stop in the belatedly 1920s or early 1930s in well-nigh of North America and Europe, although a few locations connected prohibition for many more years.

In some countries where the dominant organized religion forbids the employ of alcohol, the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages is prohibited or restricted today. For instance, in Kingdom of saudi arabia and Libya booze is banned; in Pakistan and Iran it is illegal with exceptions.[nine]

Effects [edit]

Generally, prohibition is not completely constructive, and tends to drive the market underground instead.[10]

Prohibition worldwide [edit]

Africa [edit]

Nigeria [edit]

In the British colony of Nigeria, missionary forces demanded prohibition of liquor, which proved highly unpopular. Both Africans and British found illegal supplies such as hole-and-corner stills, obtaining colonial liquor permits, and smuggling. The experiment began in 1890 and was repealed in 1939.[eleven]

South Africa [edit]

During the coronavirus outbreak of 2020, alcohol sales, and even the transportation of alcohol exterior of ane'due south home, was made illegal. This lodge came into effect during the nationwide lockdown on 27 March 2020. The purpose of the ban was intended to prevent drunken fights, reduce domestic violence, stop drunkard driving, and eliminate the weekend rampage-drinking so prevalent beyond South Africa.

Constabulary, medics, and analysts estimate—conservatively—that alcohol is involved in, or responsible for, at least forty% of all emergency hospital admissions. By reducing the number of people inside hospitals, and of form within social gatherings, the goal of prohibition was to reduce the rate of manual, and thus tiresome the spread of the virus.[12]

Southward Asia [edit]

Afghanistan [edit]

Sale of alcohol is banned in Afghanistan.

Bangladesh [edit]

In Bangladesh, alcohol is somewhat prohibited due to its proscription in the Islamic faith. The purchase and consumption is still immune in the country. The Garo tribe eat a type of rice beer, and Christians in this land beverage and purchase wine for their holy communion.

India [edit]

In India booze is a country subject and individual states can legislate prohibition, but currently virtually states do not accept prohibition and sale/consumption is freely available in 25 out of 29 states. Prohibition is in force in the states of Gujarat, Bihar and Nagaland, parts of Manipur, and the union territory of Lakshadweep. All other States and union territories of India permit the sale of alcohol.[13]

Election days and certain national holidays such as Independence Day are meant to exist dry out days when liquor auction is not permitted simply consumption is immune. Some Indian states observe dry out days on major religious festivals/occasions depending on the popularity of the festival in that region.[ citation needed ]

Maldives [edit]

The Republic of the maldives ban the import of alcohol, x-raying all baggage on inflow. Alcoholic beverages are available only to strange tourists on resort islands and may non be taken off the resort.

Pakistan [edit]

Pakistan allowed the free auction and consumption of alcohol for iii decades from 1947, but restrictions were introduced by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto only weeks earlier he was removed as prime minister in 1977. Since then, simply members of non-Muslim minorities such as Hindus, Christians and Zoroastrians are allowed to apply for alcohol permits. The monthly quota is dependent upon one's income, just is actually near five bottles of liquor or 100 bottles of beer. In a state of 180 million, only most 60 outlets are allowed to sell booze. The Murree Brewery in Rawalpindi was once the but legal brewery, simply today in that location are more. The ban officially is enforced by the country'due south Islamic Ideology Council, but it is not strictly policed. Members of religious minorities, however, often sell their liquor permits to Muslims every bit function of a standing blackness market trade in alcohol.[fourteen]

Sri Lanka [edit]

In 1955 Sri Lanka passed a law prohibiting adult women from buying alcohol.[15] In Jan 2018, Finance Minister Mangala Samaraweera announced that the law would exist amended, allowing women to legally consume alcohol and piece of work in venues that sell alcohol.[15] [16] The legalization was overruled by President Maithripala Sirisena several days later.[17]

West Asia [edit]

Iran [edit]

Since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, the sale and consumption of booze is banned in Iran. All people are banned from drinking booze but some people trade and sell it illegally.[18]

Kuwait [edit]

The consumption, importation and brewing of, and trafficking in liquor is strictly against the police.[nineteen]

Saudi arabia [edit]

The sale, consumption, importation and brewing of, and trafficking in liquor is strictly confronting the constabulary.[20]

Yemen [edit]

Alcohol is banned in Yemen.[20]

Southeast Asia [edit]

Negara brunei darussalam [edit]

In Brunei, alcohol consumption and sale is banned in public. Not-Muslims are allowed to buy a limited amount of alcohol from their point of embarcation overseas for their own individual consumption, and non-Muslims who are at least the historic period of 18 are allowed to bring in not more than two bottles of liquor (well-nigh ii litres) and twelve cans of beer per person into the country.

Indonesia [edit]

Alcohol sales are banned in small shops and convenience stores.[21]

Malaysia [edit]

Alcohol is banned but for Muslims in Malaysia due to its Islamic faith and sharia constabulary.[22] Yet, alcoholic products can easily be found in supermarkets, specialty shops, and convenience stores all over the country. Non-halal restaurants also typically sell alcohol.

Philippines [edit]

There are only restrictions during elections in the Philippines. Booze is prohibited to be sold, furnished, offered, bought, or took 2 days prior to an election. Hotels and restaurants may secure a prior exemption merely even then they are only allowed to serve booze to non-Filipino citizens. Private consumption of alcohol hoarded prior to the ban period is tolerated. The Philippine Committee on Elections may opt to extend the liquor ban. In the 2013 elections, there was a proposal that it be extended to five days. This was overturned by the Supreme Court.[23]

Other than ballot-related prohibition, alcohol is freely sold to anyone above the legal drinking historic period.

Thailand [edit]

Alcohol sales are prohibited during elections from 18:00 the day prior to voting, until the end of the day of voting itself. Alcohol is as well prohibited on major Buddhist holy days, and sometimes on imperial commemoration days, such as birthdays.[24]

Thailand too enforces time-limited bans on booze on a daily basis. Alcohol can only be legally purchased in stores or restaurants between 11:00–14:00 and 17:00–midnight. The law is enforced by all major retailers (most notably 7-Eleven) and restaurants, simply is frequently ignored by the smaller "mom and popular" stores. Hotels and resorts are exempt from the rules.

The consumption of alcohol is also banned at any time within 200 meters of a filling station (where sale of alcohol is likewise illegal), schools, temples or hospitals too as on board whatever blazon of road vehicle regardless of whether information technology is being consumed by the driver or passenger.

At sure times of the year—Thai New year's day (Songkran) is an example—the regime may also enforce arbitrary bans on the auction and consumption of booze in specific public areas where big scale festivities are due to accept place and large crowds are expected.

Thailand strictly regulates alcohol advert, as specified in the Alcoholic Beverage Control Act, B.Eastward. 2551 (2008) (ABCA).[25] [26] Sales of booze via "electronic channels" (net) are prohibited.[27]

Europe [edit]

Czech Republic [edit]

On 14 September 2012, the Government of the Czechia banned all sales of alcoholic drinks with more than 20% booze. From this date, information technology was illegal to sell such alcoholic beverages in shops, supermarkets, confined, restaurants, filling stations, e-shops etc. This measure out was taken in response to the wave of methanol poisoning cases resulting in the deaths of xviii people in the Czechia.[28] Since the beginning of the "methanol affair" the total number of deaths has increased to 25. The ban was to be valid until further notice,[29] though restrictions were eased towards the end of September.[xxx] The last bans on Czech booze with regard to the poisoning cases were lifted on 10 Oct 2012, when neighbouring Slovakia and Poland allowed its import once again.[31]

Nordic countries [edit]

The Nordic countries, with the exception of Kingdom of denmark, have had a strong temperance move since the late-1800s, closely linked to the Christian revival movement of the belatedly-nineteenth century, but also to several worker organisations. As an example, in 1910 the temperance organisations in Sweden had some 330,000 members,[32] which was about six% of a population of v.5 one thousand thousand.[33] This heavily influenced the decisions of Nordic politicians in the early on 20th century.

In 1907, the Faroe Islands passed a law prohibiting all sale of alcohol, which was in force until 1992. Very restricted private importation from Denmark was immune from 1928 onwards.

In 1914, Sweden put in place a rationing system, the Bratt System, in force until 1955. A referendum in 1922 rejected an endeavor to enforce total prohibition.

In 1915, Republic of iceland instituted total prohibition. The ban for vino was lifted in 1922 and spirits in 1935, but beer remained prohibited until 1989 (circumvented by mixing light beer and spirits).

In 1916, Norway prohibited distilled beverages, and in 1917 the prohibition was extended to also include fortified wine and beer. The vino and beer ban was lifted in 1923, and in 1927 the ban of distilled beverages was also lifted.

Confiscated alcohol in Finland c. 1920s

In 1919, Republic of finland enacted prohibition, as one of the first acts after independence from the Russian Empire. Four previous attempts to institute prohibition in the early on twentieth century had failed due to opposition from the tsar. After a evolution similar to the one in the United States during its prohibition, with large-scale smuggling and increasing violence and crime rates, public stance turned against the prohibition, and later on a national referendum where 70% voted for a repeal of the law, prohibition was abolished in early on 1932.[34] [35]

Today, all Nordic countries except Denmark keep to take strict controls on the sale of alcohol, which is highly taxed (dutied) to the public. There are regime monopolies in place for selling spirits, vino, and stronger beers in Norway (Vinmonopolet), Finland (Alko), Sweden (Systembolaget), Iceland (Vínbúðin), and the Faroe Islands (Rúsdrekkasøla Landsins). Bars and restaurants may, however, import alcoholic beverages directly or through other companies.

Greenland, which is role of the Kingdom of Denmark, does non share its easier controls on the sale of alcohol.[36] Greenland has (like Kingdom of denmark) sales in food shops, only prices are typically high. Private import when travelling from Denmark is merely allowed in small quantities.

Russian Empire and the Soviet Union [edit]

In the Russian Empire, a limited version of a Dry Law was introduced in 1914.[37] It connected through the turmoil of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Russian Civil War into the menstruum of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Matrimony until 1925.

United Kingdom [edit]

Although the sale or consumption of commercial alcohol has never been prohibited by law in the United Kingdom, historically, various groups in the UK accept campaigned for the prohibition of booze; including the Society of Friends (Quakers), The Methodist Church and other not-conformists, besides equally temperance movements such as Band of Hope and temperance Chartist movements of the nineteenth century.

Formed in 1853 and inspired past the Maine law in the U.s.a., the United Kingdom Brotherhood aimed at promoting a similar law prohibiting the sale of alcohol in the UK. This hard-line group of prohibitionists was opposed by other temperance organisations who preferred moral persuasion to a legal ban. This division in the ranks limited the effectiveness of the temperance motility every bit a whole. The impotence of legislation in this field was demonstrated when the Sale of Beer Act 1854, which restricted Sunday opening hours, had to be repealed, following widespread rioting. In 1859, a image prohibition pecker was overwhelmingly defeated in the House of Commons.[38]

On 22 March 1917, during the First World War at a crowded coming together in the Queen's Hall in London (chaired by Alfred Booth) many influential people including Agnes Weston spoke, or letters from them were read out, confronting alcohol consumption, calling for prohibition; Full general Sir Reginald Hart wrote to the coming together that "Every experienced officeholder knew that practically all unhappiness and crime in the Army is due to potable". At the meeting, Lord Channing said that it was a pity that the whole Chiffonier did not follow the example of King George 5 and Lord Kitchener when in 1914 those two spoke calling for consummate prohibition for the duration of the state of war.[39]

Edwin Scrymgeour served as Member of Parliament for Dundee between 15 November 1922 and 8 October 1931. He remains the only person to have ever been elected to the House of Eatables on a prohibitionist ticket. In 1922, he defeated incumbent Liberal fellow member Winston Churchill; winning the seat for the Scottish Prohibition Political party, which he had founded in 1901, and for which he had stood for election successfully every bit a Dundee Burgh Councillor in 1905 and unsuccessfully as a parliamentary candidate between 1908 and 1922.

North America [edit]

Canada [edit]

Indigenous peoples in Canada were discipline to prohibitory alcohol laws under the Indian Deed of 1876.[forty] Sections of the Indian Human activity regarding liquor were non repealed for over a hundred years, until 1985.[40]

An official, but non-binding, federal referendum on prohibition was held in 1898. Prime Government minister Wilfrid Laurier'due south government chose not to introduce a federal pecker on prohibition, mindful of the potent contempt in Quebec. Every bit a result, Canadian prohibition was instead enacted through laws passed by the provinces during the first twenty years of the 20th century, especially during the 1910s. Canada did, notwithstanding, enact a national prohibition from 1918 to 1920 as a temporary wartime measure.[41] [42] Much of the rum-running during prohibition took place in Windsor, Ontario. The provinces afterward repealed their prohibition laws, by and large during the 1920s, although some local municipalities remain dry.

United mexican states [edit]

Some communities in the Chiapas state of southern Mexico are under the control of the libertarian socialist Zapatista Army of National Liberation, and often ban alcohol every bit role of what was described equally "a collective determination". This prohibition has been used by many villages as a way to decrease domestic violence[ failed verification ] and has more often than not been favored by women.[43] This prohibition, however, is non recognized past federal Mexican law every bit the Zapatista move is strongly opposed by the federal government.

The sale and purchase of alcohol is prohibited on and the night before certain national holidays, such equally Natalicio de Benito Juárez (birthdate of Benito Juárez) and Día de la Revolución, which are meant to be dry out nationally. The same "dry law" applies to the days before presidential elections every six years.

United States [edit]

Prohibition in the U.s. focused on the industry, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages; exceptions were fabricated for medicinal and religious uses. Alcohol consumption was never illegal under federal police. Nationwide Prohibition did not begin in the United states of america until January 1920, when the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution went into effect. The 18th subpoena was ratified in 1919, and was repealed in Dec 1933 with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment.[44]

Concern over excessive alcohol consumption began during the American colonial era, when fines were imposed for drunken beliefs and for selling liquor without a license.[45] Protestant religious groups urged Americans to curb their drinking habits for moral and health reasons. Past the 1840s the temperance motility was actively encouraging individuals to immediately end drinking. However, the upshot of slavery, and then the Ceremonious War, overshadowed the temperance move until the 1870s.[46]

Prohibition was a major reform movement from the 1870s until the 1920s, when nationwide prohibition went into effect.[47] The Women's Crusade of 1873 and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), founded in 1874,[45] were means through which sure women organized and demanded political action, well earlier they were granted the vote.[48] The WCTU and the Prohibition Party were major players until the 20th century, when the Anti-Saloon League emerged as the movement'southward leader. By 1913, 9 states had statewide prohibition and 31 others had local selection laws in effect. The League then turned their efforts toward attaining a ramble amendment and grassroots support for nationwide prohibition.[45]

A new constitutional amendment submitted past Congress in Dec 1917[49] prohibited "the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for drink purposes".[50] The amendment was ratified and became police on January 16, 1919.[45] On Oct 28, 1919, Congress passed the National Prohibition Act, besides known as the Volstead Human action, which provided enabling legislation to implement the 18th Amendment.[51] After a year'south required delay, national prohibition began on January 16, 1920.[45]

Prescription form for medicinal liquor

Initially, alcohol consumption nosedived to almost 30% of its pre-Prohibition levels, but within a few years, the illicit market grew to roughly two-thirds.[52] Illegal stills flourished in remote rural areas also as city slums, and large quantities were smuggled from Canada. Bootlegging became a major business activity for organized crime groups, nether leaders such equally Al Capone in Chicago and Lucky Luciano in New York Metropolis.[53]

Prohibition lost support during the Great Low, from 1929.[54] The repeal move was initiated and financed past the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment, and Pauline Sabin, a wealthy Republican, founded the Women's Organization for National Prohibition Reform (WONPR).[55] [56] Repeal of Prohibition in the Us was accomplished with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment on Dec 5, 1933. Nether its terms, states were allowed to set their ain laws for the control of booze.[55] [56]

Between 1832 and 1953, federal legislation prohibited the sale of alcohol to Native Americans, with very limited success. Subsequently 1953, Native American communities and reservations were permitted to pass their own local ordinances governing the sale of alcoholic beverages.[57]

In the 21st century, there are still counties and parishes within the U.s. known every bit "dry," where the sale of alcohol is prohibited or restricted.[58]

S America [edit]

Venezuela [edit]

In Venezuela, twenty-four hours earlier every ballot, the regime prohibits the sale and distribution of alcoholic beverages throughout the national territory, including the restriction to all dealers, liquor stores, supermarkets, restaurants, wineries, pubs, confined, public entertainment, clubs and any establishment that markets alcoholic beverages.[59]

The same is done during Holy Week equally a measure to reduce the alarming rate of road traffic accidents during these holidays.[60] [61]

Oceania [edit]

Australia [edit]

The Australian Majuscule Territory (then the Federal Capital Territory) was the first jurisdiction in Australia to have prohibition laws. In 1911, Male monarch O'Malley, then Minister of Dwelling house Affairs, shepherded laws through Parliament preventing new consequence or transfer of licences to sell alcohol, to address unruly behaviour among workers building the new capital metropolis. Prohibition was partial, since possession of alcohol purchased outside of the Territory remained legal and the few pubs that had existing licences could continue to operate. The Federal Parliament repealed the laws after residents of the Federal Capital Territory voted for the cease of them in a 1928 plebiscite.[62]

Since then, some country governments and local councils have enacted dry areas. This is where the purchase or consumption of alcohol is only permitted in licensed areas such as liquor stores, clubs, cafes, bars, hotels, restaurants, and also private homes. In public places such as streets, parks, and squares, consumption is not permitted, merely conveying bottles that were purchased at licensed venues is immune. Most all dry areas are small-scale defined districts within larger urban or rural communities.[63] [64] [65]

More than recently, alcohol has been prohibited in many remote Indigenous communities. Penalties for transporting booze into these "dry" communities are severe and can result in confiscation of any vehicles involved; in dry areas inside the Northern Territory, all vehicles used to transport booze are seized.[66]

New Zealand [edit]

In New Zealand, prohibition was a moralistic reform movement begun in the mid-1880s by the Protestant evangelical and Nonconformist churches and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and later on 1890 past the Prohibition League. It causeless that private virtue was all that was needed to conduct the colony forwards from a pioneering society to a more mature 1, but information technology never achieved its goal of national prohibition. Both the Church building of England and the largely Irish Cosmic Church rejected prohibition as an intrusion of authorities into the church'south domain, while the growing labor movement saw capitalism rather than alcohol as the enemy.[67] [68]

Reformers hoped that the women's vote, in which New Zealand was a pioneer, would swing the balance, but the women were not as well organized as in other countries. Prohibition had a majority in a national referendum in 1911, but needed a 60% vote to pass. The movement kept trying in the 1920s, losing 3 more referenda by close votes; it managed to keep in place a 6 pm endmost 60 minutes for pubs and Dominicus closing. The Low and war years finer ended the movement.[67] [68] just their six p.m. closing hour remained until October 1967 when it was extended to ten pm.

For many years, referenda were held for individual towns or electorates, often coincident with general elections. The ballots determined whether these private areas would be "dry out" – that is, booze could not exist purchased or consumed in public in these areas. 1 notable example was the southern metropolis of Invercargill, which was dry from 1907 to 1943. People wanting booze unremarkably travelled to places outside the urban center (such as the nearby township of Lorneville or the boondocks of Winton) to drink in the local pubs or purchase alcohol to have back home. The last bastion of this 'dry out' expanse remains in strength in the form of a licensing trust that still to this day governs the sale of liquor in Invercargill. The city does not permit the sale of alcohol (beer and vino included) in supermarkets unlike the rest of New Zealand, and all form of alcohol regardless of the sort can only be sold in bars and liquor stores.

Prohibition was of limited success in New Zealand as—like in other countries—it led to organised bootlegging. The well-nigh famous bootlegged booze in New Zealand was that produced in the Hokonui Hills close to the town of Gore (not coincidentally, the nearest large town to Invercargill). Even today, the term "Hokonui" conjures up images of illicit whisky to many New Zealanders.[69]

Elections [edit]

In many countries in Latin America, the Philippines, Thailand, Turkey and several The states states, the auction only not the consumption of alcohol is prohibited before and during elections.[lxx] [71]

See also [edit]

  • Bootleggers and Baptists
  • Iron law of prohibition
  • Legal drinking age
  • Listing of countries with alcohol prohibition
  • Prohibition of drugs
  • Prohibition Political party
  • Scottish Prohibition Political party

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Benton and DiYanni. Arts and Culture, An Introduction to the Humanities. Volume One. Quaternary Edition. Pearson. p. xvi.
  2. ^ Richard J. Jensen, The winning of the Midwest: social and political conflict, 1888–1896 (1971) pp. 89–121 online
  3. ^ Aileen Kraditor, The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1890–1920 (1965) pp. 12–37.
  4. ^ Anne Myra Goodman Benjamin, A history of the anti-suffrage movement in the United States from 1895 to 1920: women against equality (1991)
  5. ^ Heath, Dwight B. (1995). International handbook on alcohol and culture. Westport, CT. Greenwood Publishing Grouping, p. 21 There seems to be agreement in the literature for 1948 simply diverse dates are given for the initiation of PEI'southward prohibition legislation; 1907 is the latest, while 1900, 1901 and 1902 are given by others.
  6. ^ ""Sobering upshot: What happened when Russia banned alcohol"". 15 Baronial 2014.
  7. ^ Associated Press, "Beer (Before long) for Icelanders", The New York Times, May 11, 1988
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  9. ^ "Tipsy Taboo". The Economist. 18 Baronial 2012. Retrieved eleven July 2014.
  10. ^ Rosalsky, Greg (11 August 2020). "Surreptitious Gyms and the Economics of Prohibition". NPR.
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  14. ^ "Lone brewer small beer in Pakistan". theage.com.au. 2003-03-11. Retrieved 2010-04-25 .
  15. ^ a b "Sri Lanka removes ban on sale of alcohol to women". BBC News. January x, 2018. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
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  17. ^ "Sri Lanka'due south president rejects move to allow women to buy alcohol". BBC News. January 14, 2018. Retrieved Jan 15, 2018. He told a rally he had ordered the government to withdraw the reform, which would likewise accept immune women to work in bars without a permit.
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  32. ^ IOGT history (in Swedish) Retrieved 2011-12-08
  33. ^ SCB Population statistics for 1910 (in Swedish) Retrieved 2011-12-08
  34. ^ Wuorinen, John H. (1932). "Finland's Prohibition Experiment". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Scientific discipline. 163: 216–226. doi:10.1177/000271623216300123. JSTOR 1017701. S2CID 143783269.
  35. ^ S. Sariola, "Prohibition in Republic of finland, 1919–1932; its background and consequences," Quarterly Journal of Studies in Booze (Sep. 1954) 15(iii) pp. 477–90
  36. ^ "Imagine drinking water only: alcohol and Greenland". The Fourth Continent. 2013-07-26. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  37. ^ I.N. Vvedensky, An Experience in Enforced Abstinence Archived 2008-12-21 at the Wayback Machine (1915), Moscow (Введенский И. Н. Опыт принудительной трезвости. М.: Издание Московского Столичного Попечительства о Народной Трезвости, 1915.) (in Russian)
  38. ^ Nick Brownlee (2002) This is Alcohol: 99–100
  39. ^ Daily Telegraph, Friday 23 March 1917, reprinted in Daily Telegraph, Thursday 23 March 2017, p. 30
  40. ^ a b Campbell, Robert A. (Winter 2008). "Making Sober Citizens: The Legacy of Indigenous Booze Regulation in Canada, 1777–1985". Journal of Canadian Studies. University of Toronto Press. 42 (1): 105–126. doi:x.3138/jcs.42.1.105. ISSN 1911-0251. S2CID 145221946.
  41. ^ Bumsted, J.M. (2008). The Peoples of Canada: A Postal service-Confederation History, 3rd Edition . Oxford: University Printing. pp. 218, 219. ISBN978-0-nineteen-542341-9.
  42. ^ Maquis, Greg (2004). "Brewers and Distillers Paradise: American Views of Canadian Alcohol Policies". Canadian Review of American Studies. 34 (2): 136, 139.
  43. ^ "The Zapatistas Reject the War on Drugs". Narco News. Retrieved 2010-04-25 .
  44. ^ McGirr, Lisa (2015). The War on Alcohol: Prohibition and the Rise of the American State. West. W. Norton & Visitor. ISBN978-0393066951.
  45. ^ a b c d e "History of Alcohol Prohibition". Schaffer Library of Drug Policy. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  46. ^ Housley, Kathleen (Wintertime 1992). ""Yours for the Oppressed": The Life of Jehiel C. Beman". The Periodical of Negro History. 77 (1): 17–29. doi:x.2307/3031524. JSTOR 3031524. S2CID 150066631.
  47. ^ Lantzer, Jason South. (2014). Interpreting the Prohibition Era at Museums and Historic Sites. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 32–36. ISBN9780759124332.
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References [edit]

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition

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